In the Path of Hizbullah. Syracuse University Press, Hezbollah: A Short History. Princeton: Princeton UP, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Historical Documents. Accessed 26 June Congressional Research Service, 3 Jan. London: C. Hurst and, Council on Foreign Relations, 01 Jan.
Lebanon: A Country Study. Print; Levitt, Matthew. The Sage Encyclopedia of Terrorism. Gus Martin. Second ed. Thousand Oaks, Calif. Department of State. Patterns of Global Terrorism: Foreign Policy, 17 Aug. Wiley Online Library. American University of Beirut. San Fransisco Chronicle, 15 Dec. BBC, 21 May BBC, 07 Apr. Jones, Seth G. Sanctions are Hurting Hezbollah. Hezbollah first announced itself as a cohesive group in Before that, its members were part of organizations like Islamic Amal, which many analysts deem an early iteration of Hezbollah.
Hezbollah is supported by Iran, Syria, and fundraising networks across the globe, especially within the Arabian Peninsula, Europe, the Middle East, and the United States. For example, groups and individuals have supported Hezbollah from abroad with revenues from the blood diamond trade in Sierra Leone and credit card fraud in the United States.
Although most members of Hezbollah are Lebanese Shiites, the organization recruits globally. Foreign-born recruits and Arab Israelis living abroad were especially sought after in the early s. Their passports allowed them to pass through Israeli security more easily, which would allow Hezbollah to carry out terrorist operations inside Israeli borders.
Some Hezbollah members abroad serve as logistical or financial operatives instead of militants, performing functions like fundraising and recruiting. The IRGC has trained thousands of Hezbollah militants and continues to provide the group with supplies, as evidenced by the Israeli seizure of a navy ship carrying tons of weapons destined for Hezbollah from Iran.
The group has frozen all financing, merged several institutions, and closed hundreds of offices and apartments in Lebanon. The Syrian government has historically played a key role as an intermediary between Iran and Hezbollah, shuttling arms and intelligence between the two parties. Among these systems are a number of SA Buk missile batteries, which can directly target Israeli aircraft operating over Northern Israel and Syria. Hezbollah is estimated to have amassed a vast arsenal of relatively sophisticated weapons over the past several decades.
AIPAC — a pro-Israel lobby group- recently suggest that Hezbollah has stockpiled ,, rockets and missiles of a variety of ranges and sizes. Over the past four years, it has destroyed numerous Islamic State targets in Syria using Karrar armed drones. Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism, Aug. Levitt, Matthew. Council on Foreign Relations, 3 Jan. Academic Search Premier. Disclaimer : This is a partial list of where the militant organization has bases and where it operates.
This does not include information on where the group conducts major attacks or has external influences. Hezbollah is based in southern Lebanon, and its headquarters are located in the Bekaa Valley. Members abroad raise money for the group, recruit, or plan operations.
Hezbollah has also formed cells in the West; In , the U. The cell had plans to create a stockpile of weapons and target prominent Israelis in the city. Beginning in , Hezbollah also deployed significant troops in Syria to fight alongside the forces of Bashar al-Assad. By , Hezbollah operations had spread to other areas of Syria, including in the northwest cities of Idlib and Aleppo, in the south near Daraa, and even in the central and eastern parts of the country.
In , the group participated in offenses near the Deir Ezzor province in eastern Syria. The fighters receive monthly wages and are given small arms, explosives, and missiles.
New York Times. He was killed in by an Israeli helicopter strike that also killed six other militants. In , Musawi left Amal, and Nasrallah followed him to help form Hezbollah. He has sent thousands of Hezbollah troops to fight in Syria.
He was killed in a car bombing in that was allegedly carried out by Israeli intelligence in coordination with the CIA. Badr al-Din was killed in Syria on May 10, , in an explosion at the Damascus airport. The circumstances surrounding the explosion are somewhat unclear; some sources allege that it was the result of rebel artillery while others have blamed an Israeli missile strike.
Hezbollah has released a statement that it is investigating both possibilities. Naim Qassem - present : Qassem was appointed to serve as the deputy chief of Hezbollah in He has been affiliated with the organization since Since , Secretary-General Nasrallah has reduced his public appearances, and Qassem has adopted a greater public leadership. This branch was formerly run by Mughniyah.
According to reports from Lebanese sources, he traveled to Iraq regularly and was in contact with the leaders of the Shia militias fighting against U. Daqduq was later sent to Iraq to assist the Shia militias in operations against U. Aljazeera, 10 Apr. Council on Foreign Relations, 11 Aug. News , Yahoo! New York Times, 13 Feb. Counter Extremism, Accessed 19 July In the early s, Hezbollah transformed from a non-state revolutionary group to a hybrid state actor, employing both political and violent means to achieve its goals.
The group still sought to liberate Palestine, and the manifesto highlighted its continued opposition to the United States and commitment to fight Israeli expansion and aggression. In , the group vocally supported many of the Arab Spring uprisings.
The group has sent troops to support the Assad government in Syria and expel extremist Sunni militias from the country. Hezbollah is active in Lebanese politics as a political party called Loyalty to the Resistance Bloc. This political party was formed following the Taif Agreement, which ended the Lebanese Civil War.
Before joining Lebanese politics in , the group used the media to participate in national political discourse. In , it began publishing a weekly newspaper, al-Ahad , and started broadcasting two radio stations soon thereafter. In , it created its own television station, al-Manar.
After the Taif Agreement, Hezbollah militants extensive internal debates on whether or not to enter the Lebanese political system. The organization ended up creating a party that would act within the Lebanese system but would also employ violence and the threat of violence as a tool in its political dealings. It ran in national elections for the first time in and won eight seats in the parliamentary elections.
The party has focused largely on nonreligious themes, but officials say that Hezbollah members are required by Islamic law to support the party.
Violence broke out between government supporters and Hezbollah on the streets of Beirut while the Lebanese army largely sat out the conflict.
Hezbollah and its supporters took over parts of Beirut, but speculation that the violence would lead to a coup was quelled when the Arab League brokered a settlement between the government and Hezbollah. Hezbollah supported some Arab Spring movements but opposed the uprisings in Syria. Syrian President Bashar al-Assad is a critical ally and supporter of Hezbollah. In , the March 8th Alliance emerged victorious from the Lebanese general election. Hezbollah itself secured 13 of the 68 coalition spots, neither gaining nor losing any seats.
The election notably weakened the US-backed prime minister, Saad Hariri, and his supporters. Hezbollah also gained control of three of the 30 ministries in the Lebanese governments, including the Ministry of Health. Treasury added two top Hezbollah political leaders to its list of sanctioned individuals.
Response Follow. Hezbollah has targeted Israeli and Western military personnel and citizens, particularly in the Middle East. Sponsored by the U. Once the manuscript was ready, the hardworking team at Georgetown University Press went to work copy editing, laying out the pages, and printing the book. Aside from concerns that designating Hezbollah would either prevent Europeans from being able to engage with Lebanese politicians, that it would destabilize Lebanon, or that Hezbollah would carry out reprisal attacks targeting Europeans, two primary themes arose repeatedly in these meetings and events.
I found myself providing officials with details—and sometimes documents—about major cases that occurred in their respective countries, of which they previously knew nothing. In one telling moment, the director-general of the foreign ministry of an EU member state complained that his country was ignorant about Hezbollah because U. My book filled this gap nicely, especially once Hurst Publishers bought the European distribution rights.
I was wary of investing the time and energy necessary to build this map, but Mary eventually convinced me of its potential. Mary could see the map long before I could, and it is her vision that is reflected in this product. Then, in , the U. The U. Department of State later released a one-page graphic depicting ten select Hezbollah operational activities in Europe from through a second page listed eleven cases of Iranian operational activity in Europe from to Now, with this tool, diplomats, policymakers, and pundits can see the totality of Hezbollah activities, not just those the group wants the public to know about.
Now, a body of unclassified material—some unclassified from the outset, some originally classified but now declassified—is available for use in public debates and government actions, without fear of putting intelligence sources and methods at risk.
While this is by far the largest collection of information and documentation about Hezbollah activities around the world, it is by no means an exhaustive collection—it includes just those activities recorded in unclassified sources. Users should be careful not to draw conclusions based on the map about what Hezbollah did or did not do at a given time, or in a given situation, since the information here is by definition incomplete.
Users should also be careful not to give more weight to incidents about which there is more unclassified information versus those with less—the fact that we know more about one incident does not make it more significant than another with less publicly available information.
Click on the image above to visit the full interactive map and timeline. That said, this resource is vast. Beyond elucidating broad trends, the tool reveals little-known cases, such as that of the Hezbollah suicide bomber who blew up Alas Chiricanas Airlines Flight on July 19, , 15 and previously undisclosed cases, such as the joint operation Hezbollah and Palestinian Islamic Jihad plotted but never carried out in late targeting Jewish emigres from the former Soviet Union congregating at a Warsaw synagogue.
Much attention has gone into how to build this map, from the macro questions of design and available features to the micro questions surrounding the temporal, geographic, categorical, and other coding decisions related to individual entries. Here is how we addressed several such issues:. Spellings of Hezbollah and other names In this map, we generally adopt the spellings used in government documents. Occasionally, different government agencies spell Arabic names differently.
In these instances, we use the spelling from the agency referenced i. However, when quoting other sources, we maintain their respective spellings of the organization.
Fortunately, the search box takes into account all aliases and transliterations given by Treasury Department and other news reporting.
Document repository, primary sources, and page numbers We try to include primary-source documentation wherever possible.
The tool includes criminal complaints, indictments, trial testimony, FBI posters, Treasury Department designations, State Department Rewards for Justice announcements, government press releases, and several research reports from nongovernmental organizations, used with their permission.
In some instances, events reflect author interviews with intelligence or government officials that cannot be reproduced.
To access footnotes with the original source or learn more about Hezbollah overall, see the full edition of the book. A related note about navigating documents: the page numbers included in the Documents section of each entry reflect where quotations or material relating to the given event can be found. We reference the original page numbers , not those later produced in the PDF unless the original lacks page numbers.
Dates for incidents Because this tool functions as a map as well as a timeline, each event is linked to both a date and a location.
When the specific date of an event is unavailable, we use the date of the report or statement in which the event is mentioned. Here, among the poor and disenfranchised -- and in the Lebanese Shiite neighborhoods -- Hezbollah took root. Lewis manages to get into a local Hezbollah rally in honor of the Iranian revolution. Under the watchful eye of a large Ayatollah Khomeini poster, the crowd sings, "Death, death, death to Israel!
America and Hezbollah have a bloody history. Some in Washington want to avenge these suicide bombings. There is no question about it. They have a blood debt to us and we're not going to forget it. It's all in good time.
They operate a satellite television channel Al Manar , a radio station and a Web site. They have 11 members in the Lebanese parliament. Lewis also visits a modern Hezbollah-run hospital -- "one of the best in Beirut" -- as well as one of the group's many schools. Representing the "moderate" public face of Hezbollah, Mussawi denounces the September 11 terrorist attacks on New York City and Washington.
He argues that Hezbollah is not a terrorist organization, but a Lebanese resistance movement.
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