Arminianism is a form of Protestantism that has a lot in common with Catholicism. Charles ended up fighting a civil war against Oliver Cromwell — who was a Puritan a very strict Protestant who wanted to get rid of ritual in church services and lead a plain and simple life.
Henry VIII. Split the English Church away from the Pope, but this was an argument about the heir to the throne and power and not a move towards Protestantism. Edward VI. Mary I. Elizabeth I. Elizabeth I succeeds to the English throne, and after agreeing a Settlement of Religion with parliament in , ends decades of religious uncertainty in England by maintaining the settlement throughout her year reign.
Crucially nevertheless, she insists on keeping not just bishops, but cathedrals as functioning church institutions. The question has never been resolved. It has achieved much in restoring self-confidence and structure to the old western church after the buffeting of the Reformation. Catholicism, because of Portuguese and Spanish overseas expansion and activity in America, Africa and Asia, becomes the first worldwide religion, decisively backed by military power against other religions wherever the Spanish and Portuguese authorities are able to assert themselves.
Virginia is happy to establish an official religion that is a version of the established Church of England. A synod assembly of the Dutch Reformed Church meets at Dordrecht Dort to settle formulations on what the church believes about the means of salvation, after violent theological and political controversy has given victory to those proclaiming a strict scheme of belief in divine predestination.
Representatives of other Reformed churches attend, including from England, so this synod is the nearest thing to an international meeting that the always fragmented Reformed churches ever achieve. It sets narrow boundaries on the identity of Reformed Protestantism. Not all Reformed Protestants accept this, and drift in radical, less confined directions — always a tendency in Reformed Protestant belief. Luther's objections to the indulgence system paved the way for other challenges to the Catholic doctrine throughout Europe.
For example, John Calvin in France and Huldrych Zwingli in Switzerland proposed new ideas about the practice of Holy Communion, and a group called Anabaptists rejected the idea that infants should be baptized in favor of the notion that baptism was reserved for adult Christians. Broadly speaking, most of the challenges to the Catholic Church revolved around the notion that individual believers should be less dependent on the Catholic Church, and its pope and priests, for spiritual guidance and salvation.
Instead, Protestants believed people should be independent in their relationship with God, taking personal responsibility for their faith and referring directly to the Bible, the Christian holy book, for spiritual wisdom. Subsequently, King Henry rejected the Pope's authority, instead creating and assuming authority over the Church of England, a sort of hybrid church that combined some Catholic doctrine and some Protestant ideals.
Over the next 20 years, there was religious turbulence in England as Queen Mary — reinstated Catholicism in England while persecuting and exiling Protestants, only to have Queen Elizabeth I and her Parliament attempt to lead the country back toward Protestantism during her reign — Some English citizens did not believe Queen Elizabeth's efforts to restore England to Protestantism went far enough.
These citizens fell into two groups, both labeled Puritans by their opponents. The first group, known as separatists, believed the Church of England was so corrupt that their only choice was to leave England, separate from the church, and start a new church.
They called this the English Separatist Church. Around or , some of the separatists tried to start the new lives they imagined in Holland, in the Netherlands. Ultimately, the endeavor failed due to poverty and the sense that the children were assimilating too much into Dutch culture, so many of the separatists returned to England.
By , members of the English Separatist Church were ready for a second try at establishing a new life and church. Those who set sail aboard the Mayflower for New England and eventually landed near Plymouth, Massachusetts, would, in time, become known as the Pilgrims. The other group of English citizens who did not believe Queen Elizabeth's reform efforts went far enough were called nonseparatists; over time, the term " Puritan " would become synonymous with the nonseparatists.
His practice includes media, intellectual property, franchise and complex commercial litigation. Curry,Thomas J. New York: Oxford University Press, Gonzalez, Justo L. The Story of Christianity, vol. New York: HarperCollins, Sunshine, Glenn S. The Reformation for Armchair Theologians. Louisville, Ky. Ryrie, Alec. Rosi, Bruno Goncalves. Robb S.
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